Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological condition that affects movement, coordination, and a range of other body functions. It occurs when nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain become damaged or die. These cells are responsible for producing dopamine, a chemical messenger that plays a crucial role in controlling smooth and coordinated muscle movements. As dopamine levels decrease, people with Parkinson’s begin to experience the characteristic symptoms of the condition.
An estimated 166,000 people in the UK have been diagnosed with Parkinson’s. Research also indicates that as many as 21,000 additional people may be living with the condition without yet knowing or having received a diagnosis1.
Common Symptoms
The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can vary from person to person and usually develop gradually over time. One of the earliest and most well-known signs is a tremor, often starting in one hand or arm; around 70% to 80% of people with the condition experience a tremor at some stage. However, around 25% of patients with Parkinson’s don’t develop tremors2. Other typical motor symptoms include:
- Slowness of movement: Everyday tasks may take longer than usual.
- Muscle stiffness: This can cause discomfort and limit range of motion.
- Balance and coordination problems: These may increase the risk of falls.
- Changes in posture and walking: A stooped posture or a shuffling gait is common.
In addition to these physical symptoms, Parkinson’s can also cause non-motor effects, including depression, anxiety and cognitive changes. Sleep disturbances are also common, affecting around 70% of people with the condition3. Some people may also experience a reduced sense of smell or constipation early in the disease.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is not fully understood. However, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Most cases are not directly inherited, but certain genetic mutations can increase the risk. Environmental triggers, such as exposure to toxins, may also play a role, although more research is needed to confirm these links.
Age is the biggest risk factor, with 90% of people diagnosed over the age of 604. Men are slightly more likely to develop Parkinson’s than women5. While lifestyle factors do not directly cause the disease, maintaining overall brain health may help reduce risk.
Diagnosis
There is no single test that can definitively diagnose Parkinson’s disease. Instead, doctors rely on a detailed medical history, a neurological examination, and observation of symptoms. In some cases, imaging tests may be used to rule out other conditions, but they cannot confirm Parkinson’s on their own.
Because symptoms can resemble those of other disorders, diagnosis may take time and sometimes involves consultation with a specialist, such as a neurologist.
Living With Parkinson’s
While Parkinson’s is a long-term condition, many people live full and active lives with the right support and treatment plan. Early diagnosis, regular medical care, and lifestyle adaptations (such as exercise and a healthy diet) can make a significant difference.
Treatment and Management
Although there is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, treatments are available to help manage symptoms. Medications are the main form of treatment and often aim to increase or replace dopamine in the brain. One of the most common medications is levodopa, which the body converts into dopamine.
Other approaches include:
- Physical therapy: Helps improve mobility, flexibility, and balance.
- Occupational therapy: Supports independence in daily activities.
- Speech therapy: Assists with communication and swallowing difficulties.
In some cases, surgical options such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be considered. This involves implanting a device that sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain to help control movement.
However, up to 40% of patients find their medications become significantly less effective or fluctuate after five years6. Ongoing research continues to explore new treatments and potential ways to slow or stop the progression of the disease, offering hope for the future.
If you or a loved one is interested in Parkinson’s research and clinical trials testing potential new treatments, you can register your interest via our Parkinson’s Disease Research page.
MAC Clinical Research will provide travel expenses and a free full health check-up. You may also receive financial reimbursement for your time and commitment.
1 Parkinson’s UK – Parkinson’s prevalence in the UK
2 Parkinson’s UK – Tremor
3 Current Opinion in Neurology – Premotor and non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease
4 Parkinson’s UK – Parkinson’s statistics
5 Parkinson’s Foundation – Statistics
6 Informed Health – Parkinson’s disease: Learn More – Medication for Parkinson’s disease
