Dementia and Malnutrition

As the UK observes Malnutrition Awareness Week from 11^th-17^th November, it’s important to shed light on the link between dementia and malnutrition, a relationship that is both complex and critical.

What is Dementia?

Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of cognitive impairments that interfere with daily life. Sadly, around 900,000 people in the UK are living with dementia, with this figure projected to rise to 1.6 million by 2040¹. Alzheimer’s disease is the most diagnosed type.

Dementia can affect memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment.  It is a major cause of disability and dependency among older people worldwide.

The Risk of Malnutrition in Dementia Patients

People living with dementia face an increased risk of malnutrition due to various factors that can impede their ability or desire to eat. Research has shown that around 29% of people living with dementia in the UK experience malnutrition².

The cognitive decline associated with dementia affects memory, judgment, and problem-solving skills, making it difficult for individuals to maintain proper nutrition.

1. Forgetfulness – One of the hallmark symptoms of dementia is memory loss. As a result, people may forget to eat meals, or they may forget having eaten previous meals, leading to skipped meals or overeating.
2. Changes in Appetite – Dementia can affect appetite and taste preferences. Some individuals may experience a reduced appetite, while others may develop an increased craving for certain foods, particularly those high in sugar or fat.
3. Difficulty with Food Preparation – As dementia progresses, tasks such as shopping, cooking, and even using utensils can become increasingly difficult. Without adequate support, individuals may rely on convenience foods, which are often lower in nutritional value, or may not prepare food at all.
4. Swallowing Difficulties (Dysphagia) – In later stages of dementia, many people experience difficulty swallowing, a condition known as dysphagia. It’s estimated that around 45% of people living with dementia will develop this condition³. This can make eating not only challenging but also dangerous, as it increases the risk of choking or aspiration (inhaling food or drink), which can lead to pneumonia.

The Consequences of Malnutrition

Malnutrition can have devastating effects on the body and mind, particularly for individuals with dementia. It can exacerbate the progression of the disease and lead to a faster decline in overall health.

1. Weight Loss and Muscle Wasting – A lack of adequate nutrition leads to weight loss and muscle wasting, making individuals frailer and more susceptible to falls, fractures, and infections.
2. Cognitive Decline – The brain requires a constant supply of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and fats, to function optimally. When deprived of these nutrients, cognitive decline can accelerate, worsening symptoms like confusion, memory loss, and mood disturbances.
3. Weakened Immune System – Malnutrition weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of infections. This is particularly concerning for people with dementia, who may already have compromised health due to other underlying conditions.

Addressing the Problem

Tackling malnutrition in people living with dementia requires a multi-faceted approach, combining medical, nutritional, and caregiving support.

One of the most vital strategies is maintaining a schedule of regular nutritional assessments with a healthcare professional, particularly during the later stages of the disease. This can help identify any issues early and allow for appropriate interventions, such as dietary supplements or modifications to eating routines.

Following these meetings, tailored meal plans can be established to the preferences and abilities of the individual. For instance, finger foods or modified textures may be easier for someone who has developed dysphagia or has difficulty using utensils.

Furthermore, to avoid confusion or stress for those living with dementia, creating a calm, familiar setting during mealtimes can also encourage better eating habits.

Improving Quality of Life for People with Dementia

Did you know that MAC Clinical Research proudly provide free memory tests for over 50’s to the local communities in Lancashire, Merseyside, South Staffordshire, South Yorkshire, Teesside, and West Yorkshire.

At MAC Clinical Research, individuals attending the memory clinic can benefit from:

• An appointment within four weeks with the specialist team who are registered Dementia Friends
• Assessment and discussion of memory concerns in a relaxed friendly environment
• Explanation of the results of the assessment
• Liaison with their GP
• Ongoing memory reviews where needed
• Opportunity to access potential new treatments via clinical trials

If you are over 50 years old and have concerns about your memory, visit our Memory Assessment Research clinic’s webpage for more information and to register for a free memory test.

¹ Alzheimer’s Research UK – INTRODUCTION TO THE DEMENTIA STATISTICS HUB

² Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease – Association of Malnutrition with Functional and Cognitive Trajectories in People Living with Dementia: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study

³ National Foundation of Swallowing Disorders – Caregiver’s Guide to Dysphagia in Dementia